Figure 1. Location of the Berri oilfield. (JoulesBurn at The Oil Drum ) In the past Rembrandt has quoted the late Matt Simmons” “Twighlight in the Desert”, on the origins of the field and its future. The field was discovered in 1964, and the first wells to find the location of the producing reservoirs were drilled in 1967. The original estimate of the size of the reserves was made in 1978, at 8.3 billion barrels. In an earlier paper Matt had plotted the production from the field and showed that it peaked in 1976, at 800,000 bd, when water flooding under the reservoir was introduced to maintain reservoir pressure.
Figure 2. Early production from Berri (Matt Simmons) This production came, however, from the Hanifa, Hadriya and Fadhili reservoirs since, at the time, the Arab horizons (A, B and C) had not been productive in this region, which has eight Jurassic age reservoirs. Since then, however, the Arab D horizon has been developed and is now in production. That reservoir is anticipated to contribute 25% to overall field production and to be able to sustain a relatively steady production of around 85 kbd (giving a total estimated production of around 350 kbd) for ten years, after which the reservoir will see a rapid decline in production.
Figure 3. Future estimates of production from the Arab D horizon at Berri (Jokhio et al) One of the problems that arise when long-hole horizontal wells are used to drain a reservoir comes from the need to maintain a pressure differential between the well and the surrounding rock , so that oil will continue to flow into the well over time. Up to a certain point, the longer the well the greater the production, but beyond that point, as the drawdown pressure differential falls so production will also halt in the more distant part of the well.
Figure 4. Pressure drop and production with increasing horizontal well length (after Fischbuch et al ) (To fit the curves on one plot there is no scale on the vertical axis, but the production increased from 29 to 50 bpd/psi with the increase in length, and pressure values are discussed within the post). In addition the geological factors in the upper reaches of reservoirs that are now smaller than when these fields were initially developed, means that the horizontal sections are often limited to around 4,000 ft in length. Nevertheless this length can still initially produce up to 4,000 bd per well. In the case of the Berri wells in the Arab D, the optimal length of each horizontal section was found to be 3,000 ft, based on geology. Further this requires that a ratio of 1.2 barrels of water be injected, for every barrel of oil removed to achieve the pressures needed.
As I noted last time, and as the above plot shows, as horizontal wells get longer it becomes more difficult to sustain that pressure differential at the back of the well, which may fall to the point that there is little additional production in the rear sections. Thus greater production can be achieved from a series of shorter laterals around the well, rather than from a single, longer well. Thus it is at Berri, where the new wells have been drilled to give Maximum Reservoir Contract (MCR) by using shorter laterals, rather than single longer wells that reach further into the formation. (However, because of the geology, these are driven as separate sidetracks from the main well, rather than as laterals from a single main horizontal well).
Figure 5. Structure map showing the well layout at Berri (Jokhio et al )There is an additional snag that arises, because of the pressure drop problem, and that is that Aramco are using valving systems to isolate individual segments of the well. This is done to protect the rest of the well from premature water breakthrough in any one section, but each of those valves also creates a resistance that diminishes the available pressure drop beyond the valve. As a result only a limited number of valves can be used in a well, and this in turn limits the number of divisions that the well can be broken into. This is a particular problem for the Arab D reservoir since, as I noted in an earlier post, this carbonate is permeated with thin, high permeability paths that can, if not isolated or treated, lead to premature watering out of the wells. (One such horizon has been identified at Berri near the top of the field and was cased to isolate it from the well).
Seven production wells were initially drilled into the reservoir in developing the Arab D, but modeling of the reservoir suggested that the wells would rapidly fall in production, due to the inability to sustain production pressure, even with perimeter water flooding. There have been two solutions proposed for this, both of which involve the use of down-hole electric submersible pumps (ESPs). The first was to install these in the wells, to help with pumping out the oil, while the more recent study has been to see if using these pumps to increase water flow into the reservoir can help sustain production.
Figure 6. Components of a down-hole electric submersible pump (Aramco ) While the hope with the water injection pumps are that they will be able to draw water from overlying underground water reservoirs and use these as a water source, nevertheless in 2009 Aramco laid new pipes to carry more water to Berri and to remove the oil that it helped produce. (The new injection well array requires some 10,000 – 12,000 bd of water injection.)
Calculations had shown that a drop of 300 psi within a well would be sufficient to drop oil inflow to zero and that this would occur within two years of bringing the reservoir on line. ESPs were therefore installed in each of the seven wells, and when brought on line were able to sustain production at a level of 70 kbd, which was above the anticipated value.
The more recent work to install an inverted down-hole ESP to draw water from the Wasia aquifer and inject it into the Arab D has been in service since December 2008, and has shown an improvement in the pressure in adjacent wells.
Figure 7. Location of the sub-surface ESP injection well (Jokhio et al ) 
Figure 8. Location of the monitoring wells for the water injection (Shinaiber et al ) 
Figure 9. Monitoring well response to the use of a down-hole ESP ( Shinaiber et al) This improvement in technology may well provide, as it allows production from reservoirs otherwise un-developable, some answer to the questions that, for example, Jud has raised over the long-term viability of the field.
While the development of the Arab D does give a boost to the production at Berri, it should be remembered that this post has only discussed how “new” reservoir development has, for the next decade, provided for 25% of Berri production, and does not address the production from the main reservoirs of the field.
0 comments:
Post a Comment