(Saturdays on this site are usually devoted to issues of Climate Change, just to make a little break from the usual focus on energy, although the two are quite closely related. Because of the spill in the Gulf, and some travel before that, I have drifted away from the practice, but hopefully by next weekend things will have quietened down enough that I can return to analyzing the behavior of state temperatures over the last century.)
The challenge (Ofgem)The policy statement for the new Government in the UK includes the following objectives for the Department:
• We will push for the EU to demonstrate leadership in tackling international climate change, including by supporting an increase in the EU emission reduction target to 30% by 2020.The big change, of course, between being in Opposition and being the Government is that the coalition how has to make the system work, as well as meet the objectives that they have now outlined.
• We will seek to increase the target for energy from renewable sources, subject to the advice of the Climate Change Committee.
• We will continue public sector investment in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology for four coal-fired power stations.
• We will establish a smart grid and roll out smart meters.
• We will establish a full system of feed-in tariffs in electricity – as well as the maintenance of banded Renewables Obligation Certificates.
• We will introduce measures to promote a huge increase in energy from waste through anaerobic digestion.
• We will create a green investment bank. • We will retain energy performance certificates while scrapping HIPs.
• We will introduce measures to encourage marine energy.
• We will establish an emissions performance standard that will prevent coal fired power stations being built unless they are equipped with sufficient carbon capture and storage to meet the emissions performance standard.
• We will cancel the third runway at Heathrow.
• We will refuse permission for additional runways at Gatwick and Stansted.
• We will replace Air Passenger Duty with a per-flight duty.
• We will introduce a floor price for carbon, and make efforts to persuade the EU to move towards full auctioning of ETS permits.
• Through our ‘Green Deal’, we will encourage home energy efficiency improvements paid for by savings from energy bills. We will also take measures to improve energy efficiency in businesses and public sector buildings. We will reduce central government carbon emissions by 10% within 12 months.
• We will reform energy markets to deliver security of supply and investment in low carbon energy, and ensure fair competition including a review of the role of Ofgem.
• We will instruct Ofgem to establish a security guarantee of energy supplies.
• We will give an Annual Energy Statement to Parliament to set strategic energy policy and guide investment.
• We will deliver an offshore electricity grid in order to support the development of a new generation of offshore wind power.
• We will encourage community-owned renewable energy schemes where local people benefit from the power produced. We will also allow communities that host renewable energy projects to keep the additional business rates they generate.
• As part of the creation of a green investment bank, we will create green financial products to provide individuals with opportunities to invest in the infrastructure needed to support the new green economy.
• We will work towards an ambitious global climate deal that will limit emissions and explore the creation of new international sources of funding for the purpose of climate change adaptation and mitigation.
• Liberal Democrats have long opposed any new nuclear construction. Conservatives, by contrast, are committed to allowing the replacement of existing nuclear power stations provided that they are subject to the normal planning process for major projects (under a new National Planning Statement), and also provided that they receive no public subsidy.
• We will implement a process allowing the Liberal Democrats to maintain their opposition to nuclear power while permitting the Government to bring forward the National Planning Statement for ratification by Parliament so that new nuclear construction becomes possible. This process will involve:
– the Government completing the drafting of a national planning statement and putting it before Parliament;
– specific agreement that a Liberal Democrat spokesperson will speak against the Planning Statement, but that Liberal Democrat MPs will abstain; and
– clarity that this will not be regarded as an issue of confidence.
There are some tough hurdles in the above that will now have to be reconciled with the actual state of British energy supplies, and the relative costs of providing energy to a nation that is on the downside of the curves for the provision of oil and natural gas from its own resources. The Prime Minister has stated that
So today, taking our lead from 10:10, I commit us to a ten percent reduction in carbon emissions across central government in the next twelve months. You’ll be driving this forward. But I have also made sure all Cabinet ministers are involved, developing plans to show how they will meet their share.And lest you miss which is viewed as the more critical aspect of the new Secretary’s job, let there be no doubt, since he stated his goals.
“And the public will be involved too - because we're going to publish the energy use of government headquarters in real-time, so people can hold us to account for our performance.
Climate change is the greatest threat to our common future. We have a very short period of time to tackle the problem before it becomes irreversible and out of control.And
“A lot of progress has been made, but we must now go further, faster and turn targets into real change.
Together we have the opportunity to make this the greenest government in our history. And to put energy security, for too long a second order issue, at the heart of the UK's national security strategy.In the United Kingdom Ofgem (the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets) regulates the monopoly gas and electricity companies in the UK, and is intended as a consumer watchdog. In March it produced a “Discovery Report”, which notes some of the concerns that had then risen with regard to future energy security. It shows, through this figure, the need for adequate lead time for many of the changes that will come about as domestic supplies fall.
The challenge (Ofgem)Specifically they note:
• The potential need for additional gas storage and gas ballasting facilities (to address gas quality issues) around the middle of the next decade as our import dependence passes significant milestones (as based on our Dash for Energy scenario);They note that this is going to require significant investment, which may be a problem given that the UK is currently anticipating making major budget cuts to overcome the deficits left by the previous government.
• The possibility that additional combined cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) will be needed before 2016 to offset plant closures associated with the Large Combustion Plant Directive (LCPD);
• The need for low carbon alternatives, such as new nuclear or plant fitted with carbon capture and storage (CCS), to be deployable at scale to replace closing nuclear plant and large volumes of fossil fuel plant expected to close from 2020 under the terms of the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED); and
• The (at least) doubling of our wind deployment rate by the end of this decade that will be needed if the 2020 renewables targets are to be met.
The report calls for an investment of 200 billion English pounds by 2020, which, in context, is larger than the current UK budget deficit of 163 billion pounds, about 11% of the GDP. That deficit is leading to current plans for cuts of up to 6 billion pounds in the public sector. The first budget to more comprehensively address this will be announced on June 22nd.
In regard to the availability of funding the Ofgem report notes:
our assessment suggests that prices may indeed not rise sufficiently during periods of scarcity and we believe that this presents a material risk to security of supply. As a result, potential investors in new power stations could find it difficult to recover their investment costs and so may not build new plant. Some commentators suggest that this so called 'missing money' problem in electricity markets can only be addressed through separate mechanisms for rewarding capacity as have been implemented in the US and elsewhere. Others argue that capacity mechanisms are not necessary and lead to inefficiently high prices.One issue that the report highlights that I had not previously considered is that of natural gas quality. There is a significant difference, apparently between that needed in the UK for existing appliances, relative to that obtainable, for example, from Russia.
The difference in gas specification creates a risk that gas cannot flow via the IUK interconnector to the GB market. Up until now, Fluxys, the Belgian SO, has been able to manage this risk to imports via the IUK by swapping higher calorific sources with lower calorific sources or by using linepack to keep gas within the GB specification. However, there is a risk that the high specification of new sources of Russian gas and the increasing specification of Norwegian gas arriving at Zeebrugge may make it more difficult for Fluxys to provide these services. This means that there is an increasing risk that flows could be curtailed on certain days to stop "out of spec" gas from entering GB.To cut to the bottom line, the report notes that:
They lead us to conclude that, in the context of the risks identified in our scenario work, there are reasonable doubts as to whether the current arrangements will deliver security of supply and environmental objectives at affordable prices. . . . . . . Ofgem does not consider that leaving the current arrangements unaltered is in the interests of consumers.That seems to be a realistic point at which to sit back, and see how the Government actually will overcome the problems – or at least try.
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